The 5-Step Deck Audit
Think Your Deck is Safe? You Might Be Surprised…
1 in 5 of the decks we inspect each spring are in such poor shape, they need to be condemned!
Dangerous structural issues lurking behind the fascia on this raised second story deck in Pickering, Ontario. That decks rim joist is completely gone due to rot!
Are you overlooking the safety of your deck? Each year, countless homeowners relish the beauty and utility of their decks, seeing them as extensions of their living spaces into the outdoors. They become venues for summer barbecues, quiet evening lounges, and spaces where memories are made. Yet, beneath the surface of these cherished gatherings, hidden dangers often go unnoticed, silently compromising the safety and integrity of these structures. The risks stem from a variety of issues—wear and tear from the cycles of the seasons, neglect from busy lives that push maintenance to the bottom of the to-do list, and sometimes, the foundational flaws of improper construction.
The truth is, decks are not just static components of our homes; they are dynamic, living parts of our daily lives that require attention and care. Ignoring this reality can lead to dire consequences. Each year, stories surface of unexpected collapses and accidents, many of which could have been prevented with proper knowledge and preventative action. The stark contrast between the joy decks bring and the potential dangers they harbour is a wake-up call to homeowners everywhere. It's a reminder that the safety of your deck should never be taken for granted. Our 5-Step Deck Audit is designed to bridge this gap, offering homeowners a proactive tool to assess, understand, and act on the health and safety of their deck before it's too late.
Why a Deck Audit is Critical
Shockingly, a significant number of decks are teetering on the edge of disaster. These structures, compromised by years of exposure to the elements, poor construction practices, or simple neglect, pose serious hazards. In some cases, the issues are so severe that decks are deemed condemnable, a stern reminder of what's at stake. It's a troubling thought that the setting for your family's most treasured moments could also be a hidden danger.
Our comprehensive 5-Step Deck Audit guide is designed to confront this issue head-on. By providing homeowners with the knowledge and tools needed to conduct thorough evaluations of their decks, we aim to prevent the unthinkable. This guide is more than just a checklist; it's a vital resource for identifying potential problems before they escalate into emergencies. Through detailed instructions and expert advice, homeowners are equipped to proactively assess the condition of their decks, identifying everything from minor issues to critical emergencies.
The goal of this audit is not to instill fear but to foster awareness and action. By shifting the narrative from reactive measures to proactive safety, we can ensure that decks continue to serve as safe, enjoyable extensions of our homes. Let this guide be your first step towards securing the longevity and safety of your outdoor sanctuary, ensuring that it remains a place of joy and relaxation for years to come.
The structural framing of a second-story deck is ready for its municipal compliance inspection in Sunderland, Ontario
Step 1: Overall Structural Inspection
The journey to ensuring the safety of your deck begins with a structural inspection of the deck framing. This initial phase is crucial, as the framing of your deck is what holds everything together. Neglecting maintenance and allowing your deck framing to fall into poor condition can lead to structural failure, which can cause injuries or even death.
The framing of a deck refers to the construction of its structural foundation—the interconnected system of beams, joists, and posts arranged to support the deck's surface and any load it carries. This framework is critical because it determines the deck's strength, stability, and lifespan. Proper framing ensures the deck can safely support the weight of people, furniture, and other items, preventing collapse or structural failure. Additionally, well-planned framing contributes to the deck's aesthetic appeal and functionality, allowing for the integration of features like stairs, railings, and other built-in features. In essence, the framing is the backbone of the deck, essential for both safety and design.
Level and Plumb: Using a level, check that the deck surface is horizontally level and that support posts are vertically plumb. A little bit out in either direction is normal, but anything significant points to potential structural or footing issues. A plumb and level deck is critical to ensure even load distribution.
Inspect Support Posts: Examine the vertical support posts closely for any evidence of damage, decay, or insect infestation. Special attention should be paid to the base of each post. Direct soil contact can accelerate decay, compromising the deck's stability. Where soil contact is found, consider the installation of concrete footings or other measures to mitigate this risk.
Check for Decay and Damage: Probe the wood, especially in areas that form the primary framing of the deck, such as beams and joists. Use a screwdriver to check for softness—a telltale sign of potential decay. Additionally, inspect all connections between beams, joists, and support posts for integrity. Ensure the correct and locally code-approved bolts, screws, or connectors are present, secure, and free from corrosion. A professional deck builder can help you understand your local building codes.
Ledger Board Connection: A critical yet often overlooked element is the ledger board connection to the house. This connection must be properly flashed and securely attached to prevent water damage and ensure structural integrity. Any signs of rust or corrosion on fasteners, uneven spacing, or missing pieces need immediate attention. Any rot or damage to the ledger board is a critical safety risk, and you should seek expert consultation immediately. The majority of deck collapses are caused by improper ledger board attachment. You should always consult with a local deck builder or engineer if you are unsure about your ledger board or its connection. Ledger boards need to be bolted directly to the framing of your house or foundation wall.
Underdeck Inspection: Don’t forget to inspect the deck's underside. Look for water stains, mould, or mildew, as these can indicate water penetration issues that may lead to further damage if not addressed promptly. If your deck is elevated, a flashlight can help inspect less visible areas, ensuring no part of the deck's structure goes unchecked.
This comprehensive approach to the initial structural inspection is designed to uncover any potential issues that could compromise the safety and enjoyment of your deck. By starting with a solid foundation, you can ensure that your deck remains a safe and cherished extension of your home for years to come.
You can request a FREE expanded printable version of this 5-Step Deck Audit sent directly to your email by clicking the link below.
Remediation of a settling/sinking deck footing in Uxbridge, Ontario caused by improper sizing, and poor property drainage conditions.
Step 2: Deck Footing & Foundation Inspection
The footings or foundation of your deck play a pivotal role in its overall safety and stability. Deck footings transfer the load of the entire structure and its occupants to the earth. This step focuses on the evaluation of the footings and/or foundation, ensuring they are capable of supporting not just the weight of the deck, but also the additional load of gatherings, furniture, and the elements (snow load).
Examine Footing Stability: Start by closely inspecting each footing. Look for signs of sinking, shifting, or tilting, which could indicate a compromised foundation. These issues can lead to uneven weight distribution and increased stress on other parts of the deck, potentially causing structural failures.
Soil Conditions: Probe the soil around the footings for softness. Soft soil may suggest inadequate compaction or soil erosion, both of which can undermine the footing's stability. Addressing these concerns promptly can prevent further destabilization of the deck structure. See the photo above for a great example of this.
Frost Line Considerations: Ensure that footings extend below the frost line to prevent frost heave—a condition where freezing and thawing cycles cause the footings to move, leading to structural instability. The appropriate depth varies by region, so consult local building codes or a professional to determine the correct specifications for your area. In Ontario, concrete deck footings need to extend 48” below ground.
Material Integrity: Evaluate the condition of the materials used for footings, such as concrete or helical piles. Check for cracks, significant deterioration, or spalling in concrete footings. Check for corrosion on visible portions of the helical pile shaft and saddle. Any of these conditions can compromise the footing's ability to support the deck, necessitating repairs or replacements.
Erosion Control: Inspect the area around each footing for signs of soil erosion. Erosion can reduce the ground's ability to support the footings, leading to instability. Implement measures like french drains, retaining walls or erosion-control barriers to safeguard the foundation of your deck.
Connection Security: Verify that footings are securely connected to the deck supports, whether posts or piers. The hardware or connectors used in these connections should be in good condition, properly fastened, and free from corrosion, ensuring a solid and stable foundation.
Adequate Number of Footings: The number of footings is crucial for evenly distributing the deck's load. Ensure that the existing footings are sufficient to support the deck's weight and usage. If unsure, consulting with a structural engineer can provide clarity and peace of mind. Footing size and spacing is determined through soil bearing capacity analysis and tributary load calculations that factor in local annualized snow load data.
By thoroughly inspecting the footings and foundation of your deck, you can address potential issues before they escalate into serious problems. This step is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability and safety of your deck, providing a solid base upon which all other elements rely.
You can request a FREE expanded printable version of this 5-Step Deck Audit sent directly to your email by clicking the link below.
These rotten deck boards in Keswick, Ontario are too far gone after years of neglect and autumn debris piling up. These deck boards are so soft, I actually fell through shortly after taking this photo! Never let leaves or debris pile up on your deck!
Step 3: Decking Surface Inspection
The surface of your deck is where the beauty and functionality of your outdoor space truly comes to life. However, it's also the area most exposed to the elements and daily wear. This step guides you through a detailed inspection to ensure the surface of your deck remains safe and visually appealing. There’s nothing worse than putting your foot through a rotten or poorly supported deck board (ask me how I know)…
Overall Deck Board Condition: Begin by inspecting each deck board for signs of warping, twisting, or cupping. These deformities can create tripping hazards and may indicate underlying moisture issues or improper installation. Boards showing significant damage should be replaced to maintain the deck's structural integrity and safety.
Cracks and Splits: Examine the boards for cracks or splits, particularly those large enough to compromise the strength of the board or pose a safety risk. Small cracks are expected over time, and normal in natural wood decking, but larger fissures can weaken the deck's surface and need attention.
Rot and Decay: Look for areas of rot or decay, especially in places prone to moisture accumulation, such as near joints, fasteners, or the deck's perimeter. Early detection of rot can prevent widespread damage, saving you from extensive repairs.
Insect Infestation: Be on the lookout for signs of insect infestation, such as boreholes or sawdust-like debris. Certain insects can undermine the structural integrity of your deck boards, necessitating treatment or replacement of affected areas.
Fastener Integrity: Ensure that all screws or nails securing the deck boards are tight and in good condition. Loose or corroded fasteners can lead to board instability, increasing the risk of accidents.
Splinter and Surface Safety: Run your hand over the deck’s surface to check for splinters or rough edges. Sand down or replace boards as necessary to prevent injuries and ensure a smooth, safe surface for bare feet. I have seen large splinters in the feet from decks send people to the ER.
Finish and Sealant Condition: Assess the condition of any applied finish or sealant. Look for peeling, cracking, or areas where the coating has worn away, leaving the wood unprotected. A fresh coat of sealant can extend the life of your deck by protecting against moisture and UV damage.
Cleanliness and Maintenance: Regular cleaning can prevent many surface issues before they start. Remove dirt, debris, and leaves to prevent mold and mildew growth. Consider a gentle pressure washing for a deeper clean, but be cautious to avoid damaging the wood.
Material Suitability: Ensure that the decking material is appropriate for your climate. Some materials may be more susceptible to issues like fading, expansion, or contraction in certain weather conditions. Selecting climate-appropriate materials or treatments can enhance durability.
Deck Surface Stability: Walk across the deck to identify any areas that feel spongy or excessively bouncy. These sensations could indicate decay or structural concerns that require closer inspection or professional evaluation.
Inspecting the surface of your deck may seem mundane, but it’s a critical component of your deck audit, ensuring the safety, functionality, and beauty of your outdoor space. Minor issues with the deck surface, when neglected, can progress to costly structural repairs. Protect your deck and your investment by being proactive. By addressing issues early, you can enjoy your deck with peace of mind, knowing it's well-maintained and secure.
You can request a FREE expanded printable version of this 5-Step Deck Audit sent directly to your email by clicking the link below.
Inspection of an aluminum and glass deck railing in Uxbridge, Ontario.
Step 4: Deck Railing Inspection
Railings and their components are not just an aesthetic addition to your deck; they are critical safety features designed to prevent falls and injuries. This inspection step ensures that these elements are secure, stable, and meet safety standards, safeguarding everyone who enjoys your outdoor space. The building code requirements for building deck railings vary by municipality. Always consult a local deck builder or structural engineer if you are unsure about the construction of your deck railings.
Overall Stability Check: Begin with a thorough stability test of the railings. Apply gentle but firm pressure to the railings in various directions to identify any wobbling or movement. All railings should feel solid and immovable under pressure, indicating they are securely fastened to the deck structure. While this isn’t a scientific test by any means, it can quickly reveal dangerous structural problems prompting further investigation. Never lean on a deck railing you are unsure of.
Material Inspection: Examine the material of the railings and balusters, whether wood, metal, composite, or another type. Look for signs of wear, such as damage, decay, rust (in the case of metal railings), or any other deterioration that could compromise their integrity. Addressing these issues promptly can prevent failures that might lead to accidents.
Fastener and Connector Integrity: Check all fasteners and connectors holding the railings, posts, and balusters/infill in place. Ensure that screws, bolts, and other hardware are tight, not corroded, and appropriate for their purpose. Replace any fasteners that show signs of wear or corrosion to maintain a secure connection.
Height and Spacing Compliance: Confirm that the height of the railings meets local building codes, which specify minimum heights for safety. The minimum railing height for decks in Ontario ranges from between 36” to 46” depending on deck elevation and type. Additionally, examine the spacing between balusters to ensure it is narrow enough to prevent small children from slipping through or becoming stuck. The maximum space allowed in Ontario between deck railing balusters is 4”. In Ontario, any platform with an elevation of 30” or greater requires gardrails.
Baluster Stability: Inspect each baluster for stability, ensuring they are securely attached at both the top and bottom. Loose, damaged, or missing balusters pose a safety risk and should be repaired or replaced immediately.
Rot and Decay: Pay particular attention to any signs of rot or decay, especially in wooden railings, railing posts, and balusters. Moisture accumulation in joints and connection points can lead to structural weakness. Probe suspect areas with a screwdriver to check for softness, indicating underlying issues that need attention.
Sharp Edges and Splinters: Run your hands along the entire length of the railings and balusters to check for any sharp edges, splinters, or rough spots. These can be sanded or filed down to prevent injuries, ensuring a safe touchpoint for all users.
Inspecting railings and balusters is a crucial safety measure in the overall deck audit process. By ensuring these elements are stable, secure, and meet safety standards, you can provide a safe environment for family and guests alike. Regular maintenance and prompt repairs are key to extending the life and safety of your deck's railings and balusters.
You can request a FREE expanded printable version of this 5-Step Deck Audit sent directly to your email by clicking the link below.
Deck stair stringers terminating on a landing for a deck that’s under construction in Pickering, Ontario.
Step 5: Stairs Inspection
Your deck stairs serve as a crucial access point, connecting the different levels of your outdoor space. Given their frequent use and structural complexity, a detailed inspection is essential to ensure they remain safe and functional. This step focuses on evaluating the stability, integrity, and safety of the stairs, addressing potential hazards before they lead to accidents.
Stability of Stair Stringers: The stair stringers, or the diagonal supports that hold up the steps, are the backbone of your deck's staircase. Think of them as the ‘joists’ of your stairs. Begin your inspection by checking the stability of these stringers. Confirm they are securely attached to the deck structure without any signs of movement or sagging. Any instability in the stringers could compromise the entire staircase.
Condition of Treads and Risers: Inspect each tread (the horizontal step surface) and riser (the vertical portion between treads) for wear, damage, or decay. Ensure all components are securely attached, and free from cracks or splinters that could cause injury. Inconsistent step heights can create tripping hazards, so measure each step to ensure uniformity. In Ontario, the rise of each step needs to be uniform across the entire set of stairs by law.
Handrail Safety: If your stairs have handrails, test their stability by applying gentle pressure. Securely attached handrails at the proper height are essential for safety, helping prevent falls. Check local building codes for specific requirements regarding handrail height and design.
Adequate Step Dimensions: Verify that the treads are deep enough to provide a comfortable and safe walking surface, and that risers are of an appropriate height to prevent tripping. Adjustments or replacements may be necessary to meet safety standards and ensure comfort. Check your local building code for tread depth and riser height requirements for deck stairs.
Secure Attachment to Deck: Assess the connection point where the stairs attach to the deck. A secure attachment without any signs of separation or movement is crucial for stability. Inspect for any deterioration at this junction, as it bears significant stress from foot traffic.
Inspect for Decay and Damage: Pay close attention to areas that may be more exposed to moisture, such as the underside of the stairs. Look for signs of decay or insect damage, which could weaken the structure. Regular inspection and maintenance can extend the lifespan of your stairs.
Slip Resistance: Confirm that the stair treads provide adequate slip resistance, especially in wet conditions. Non-slip surfaces or anti-slip coatings can enhance safety, reducing the risk of falls.
A thorough inspection of your deck's stairs is a critical component of ensuring overall deck safety. By systematically evaluating each aspect, from stability and attachment to slip resistance, you can address potential hazards and maintain a safe, welcoming outdoor space for everyone to enjoy.
Conclusion: Ensuring the Safety and Longevity of Your Deck
Completing the 5-Step Deck Audit is a significant step towards understanding and maintaining the health of your deck. This audit is not just a checklist; it's a proactive approach to safeguarding the well-being of your family and guests, as well as preserving the investment in your home. By methodically examining the structural integrity, footing and foundation, decking surface, railings and balusters, and stairs, you have gained valuable insights into the current state of your deck and identified areas that require attention.
Prioritize Repairs and Maintenance: Based on your findings, prioritize necessary repairs and maintenance tasks. Addressing critical safety issues, such as unstable railings or deteriorating stairs, should be your top priority. Preventative maintenance, such as sealing and cleaning the deck surface, can prevent future problems and extend the life of your deck.
Professional Consultation: If during your audit, you uncover issues that seem beyond simple DIY fixes—structural concerns, significant decay, or compliance issues with local building codes—seeking the advice of a professional is crucial. A deck construction or repair specialist can offer solutions, ensure your deck meets safety standards, and provide peace of mind.
Regular Inspections: The 5-Step Deck Audit is not a one-time task. Regular inspections, ideally annually or as seasons change, can help catch new issues early and keep your deck in top condition. Seasonal changes can affect your deck's structure and materials; thus, staying vigilant is key to prevention.
Document and Plan: Keep a record of your inspection findings and any repairs or maintenance work completed. This documentation can be invaluable for future inspections, planning long-term maintenance, or even if you decide to sell your home. Planning for routine maintenance and setting aside a budget for potential repairs can also help manage the costs associated with keeping your deck safe and enjoyable.
Safety First: Remember, the primary goal of the 5-Step Deck Audit is to ensure the safety of everyone who uses your deck. A safe, well-maintained deck not only provides a secure environment for your family and friends but also enhances the overall enjoyment and functionality of your outdoor space.
Enjoy Your Deck: With the audit complete and necessary actions taken, it's time to enjoy the peace of mind that comes from knowing your deck is safe and well-maintained. Whether it's hosting family barbecues, enjoying quiet mornings, or simply relaxing under the stars, your deck is a cherished extension of your home, ready to be enjoyed to its fullest.